Carnitine pdf

The role of carnitine and carnitine supplementation during exercise in man and in individuals with special needs. J Am Coll Nutr ; Supplemental carnitine and exercise.

Carnitine and sports medicine: use or abuse? Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.

Int Clin Psychopharmacol ; Therapeutic effects of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine on cardiovascular diseases: a review. Carnitine and peripheral arterial disease. Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial. Cardiology ; L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mayo Clin Proc ; European multicenter study on priopionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol ; Propionyl-L-carnitine improves exercise performance and functional status in patients with claudication. Am J Med ; A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication.

Vasc Med ; Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med ; L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: a preliminary analysis. Potential role of levocarnitine supplementation for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced fatigue in non-anaemic cancer patients. Br J Cancer ; Carnitine in type 2 diabetes.

Carnitine increases glucose disposal in humans. L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care ; Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of HIV lipoatrophy. L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of complications associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy.

Mitochondrion ; Effect of L-carnitine on human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection-associated apoptosis: a pilot study. Blood ; Acetyl-L-carnitine administration increases insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in asymptomatic HIVinfected subjects: correlation with its suppressive effect on lymphocyte apoptosis and ceramide generation.

Clin Immunol ; J Peripher Nerv Syst ; Plasma carnitine in HIV-associated neuropathy. AIDS ; Acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of painful antiretroviral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus patients: an open label study.

Carnitine depletion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS: effect of oral L-carnitine. L-carnitine for the treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy-related hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected adults.

L-carnitine in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. HIV Med Carnitine replacement in end-stage renal disease and hemodialysis. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol ; Free L-carnitine in human semen: its variability in different andrologic pathologies. Fertil Steril ; L-carnitine levels in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men: correlation with sperm quality.

Int J Fertil Womens Med ; L-carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study. Italian study group on carnitine and male infertility.

Andrologia ; Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results. Drugs Exp Clin Res ; Effects of treatment with carnitines in infertile patients with prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis. Hum Reprod ; Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial.

The role of carnitine in the male reproductive system. Carnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril ;85 5 Pivalate-generating prodrugs and carnitine homeostasis in man. Pharmacol Rev ; Reduction of serum carnitine concentrations during anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in children. J Pediatr ; Category : Carnitine. Hidden categories: Self-published work PD-self.

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Upload file Recent changes Latest files Random file Contact us. Download as PDF Printable version. Description Biosynthesis L-carnitine. Aim and Methods: The delivery as lie skin aging in order to warrant the safe and appropriate well as the transport of L-carnitine to the target sites, i.

The presence of endogenous L-carnitine in Intrinsic and extrinsic aging overlap during the life- human skin was also investigated. Both have as basis increased production of re- solution PBS showed a higher concentration of the active active oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinase ex- agent in the skin layers.

This could be because Pheroid, be- pression along with decreased procollagen synthesis and ing more lipophilic than PBS, improved the diffusion of L- connective tissue damage [3, 6].

Karger AG, Basel [7]. Gerber nwu. This novel delivery system has the capability cytes ; these age-related matrix changes are likely deter- to entrap, protect and deliver drug molecules across a se- minants of alterations in dermal functions [7—9]. There- ries of biological membranes [18] which in this case is hu- fore, the target site for anti-aging treatment can thus be man skin. It is able to entrap both hydrophobic as well as considered as the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin; hydrophilic drugs and can be used for a variety of thera- hence leading to topical delivery of the drug.

PheroidTM is a colloidal system The aim of topical drug administration to the skin is that contains stable lipid-based submicron- and micron- to attain a suitable drug level at the affected site to have a sized structures, called Pheroid, which are equivalently local therapeutic response [10].

In order to precisely eval- distributed in a dispersion medium [19]. It contains the uate the bioavailability, the drug levels at or near the site essential fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acid, as well as of action i. Drug distribution profiles as a function of stratum rated with nitrous oxide [18, 20]. Previous studies [10] corneum depth can be obtained by revealing the succes- indicated that treating the skin for 3 h with a fatty acid sive layers by multiple tape stripping [10].

The active in- formulation severely undermined the stratum corneum gredient used for this study, L-carnitine L-tartrate, seems integrity.

The fatty acids found [11]. It is responsible for providing the cells with a The aim of this study was to investigate the presence critical source of free coenzyme A by playing a role in of endogenous L-carnitine in human skin as well as to the maintenance of the homeostasis in the acylcoen- determine the influence of Pheroid on topical delivery zyme A pools of the cell [14]. Carnitine shows promising and transdermal diffusion of L-carnitine to the target effects on the skin when applied topically.

A study con- site epidermis-dermis and through the skin, respec- ducted to demonstrate the positive effect of carnitine on tively. They also found that necro- Materials sis was more limited than in the reference group, which L-Carnitine L-tartrate was obtained from Brunel Manufactur- was not treated with carnitine [15].

At a lower pH, L- ing, South Africa. Water used during this study was purified ating properties [16]. These properties are probably re- by a Milli-Q Academic purification system Millipore, Milford, sponsible for the acceleration in the epidermal turnover Mass. The removal of the dead skin cells in room, South Africa. All other reagents and chemicals were of an- conjunction with the increasing rate of skin turnover alytical grade.

Even small quantities of L-carnitine leave the skin smooth, Methods moisturised and soft due to its hygroscopic nature [16]. The L-carnitine therefore, the PBS was adjusted to have the capacity to control the L-tartrate salt form of L-carnitine was employed in this pH after the addition of moderate amounts of the acid [22] to study, as it is more stable.

Cosmetic abdominoplastic skin from female both the receptor phase as well as in the skin tissue, with a limit of Caucasian patients was used [25].

Ethical approval for the pro- detection of 0. An Agilent series high-pressure erence No. In order to ensure anonymity, the identities of liquid chromatography device with binary gradient pump, auto- the patients were masked, and informed consent was obtained sampler and vacuum degasser coupled to an Applied Biosystems beforehand. Full-thickness skin stratum corneum, nucleate epidermis data acquisition and analysis software was used.

The column liq- and dermis were utilised during this study [26]. A scalpel was uid chromatography included a Synergi Max-RP C12 column used to separate the skin from the adipose and connective tissue. Care was taken to ensure that the skin was not damaged or rup- The mobile phase consisted of 10 volumes of acetonitrile CH3CN tured in any way as this could lead to erroneous results.

The skin containing 0. The total run time was 5 min. The peak eluted at approxi- with the stratum corneum facing upwards and were subsequent- mately 1. Mass spectrometry was performed on a mass ly left to air dry. The frozen skin spheres were positive ionisation mode.

The mass spectrometer included the fol- thawed at room temperature and visually examined for any de- lowing source settings: the turbo ion spray interface was main- fects prior to the diffusion study. This concentration was previously tested by Lonza Basel, The multiple reaction monitoring pair monitored was Vertical Franz diffusion The aqueous solubility of L-carnitine was determined by pre- cells consisting of a donor top; The solutions were 1.

An excess magnetic stirring bar was placed in each receptor compartment amount of L-carnitine was dissolved in PBS in order to keep the in order to maintain stirring throughout the experiment. The solution saturated at all times. This experiment was performed compartments with the stratum corneum facing upwards. Dow in triplicate.